Citizenship
Citizenship education in initial VET
In an era marked by rapid technological change, complex global challenges, and the persistent threat of misinformation, the European Union is deepening its commitment to safeguarding democracy and fostering lasting prosperity.
Europe can thrive only with active, well-informed citizens who can express their opinions freely and participate responsibly in society. To support this, the European Union – through the 2025 Union of Skills through its Action Plan on Basic Skills – has recognised citizenship as the “fifth basic skill”.
The Herning Declaration on Attractive and Inclusive VET highlights the importance of developing basic and transversal skills, including citizenship, to ensure learners’ adaptability to changing labour-market needs, ensure lifelong adaptability, employability, and personal growth.
Citizenship education in VET
VET is a key stage for shaping the political identities and civic disposition of 43% of Europe’s youth (ages 15-19). Citizenship education is vital for democracy, equity, and employability, developing essential skills such as teamwork, critical thinking, and problem-solving – competences increasingly demanded by the modern labour market.
In 2025, Cedefop launched a study to explore how initial VET (IVET) systems across Europe support the development of citizenship competences. Running until 2027, the study aims to provide evidence to inform policy, guide implementation strategies and support EU-level discussions on how better integrate citizenship competences in VET.
What does citizenship competence mean?
The ability to act as responsible citizens and to fully participate in civic and social life. This is based on an understanding of social, economic, legal and political concepts and structures, as well as global developments and sustainability
Why does citizenship matter?
Education for democratic citizenship strengthens Europe’s resilience in times of crises, as well as of rapid and profound changes. All citizens in the EU need the competences required to participate actively, responsibly and confidently in our society.
How should education systems contribute?
Citizenship education should promote learning about, for and through democracy, enabling to become responsible and engaged citizens. This includes, but is not limited to, the following dimensions:
Knowledge and application of democratic principles and political literacy.
Political and civic self-efficacy and civic engagement.
Critical thinking and media literacy.
EU history and common values.
