Typologies of student vulnerability in second-chance education programmes

This article examines student vulnerability in second-chance education, drawing on a study of 493 young people enrolled in three programmes in Spain. Using cluster analysis, it identifies five profiles: ‘Unperceived’, ‘Emotionally Fragile’, ‘Economically Disadvantaged’, ‘Low Achievers’ and ‘Highly Unprotected’. These profiles reflect different combinations of personal, educational and social vulnerability, highlighting the diverse needs of learners who have experienced early leaving from education and training. The study also explores how these profiles relate to health, substance use and problematic mobile phone and internet use. The findings underline the importance of tailored educational and psychosocial support to address learners’ specific needs and support their re-engagement in education and training.