- 2018Design
- 2019Design
- 2020Design
- 2021Design
- 2022Legislative process
- 2023Approved/Agreed
- 2024Implementation
Background
IVET in Sweden is provided in accordance with learner demand. The underlying idea is that if teenagers are empowered in their choice of education, they are more likely to do well. The volume of IVET provision is, therefore, not primarily aligned to the labour market needs, though there is an increasing awareness that the demand-driven IVET provision contributes to mismatches in the labour market. Since education provision is also decentralised and providers compete for learners in a market, education providers tend to play safe and offer the most popular programmes.
Objectives
Improving regional cooperation in an effort to solve the mismatch between the labour market needs and the choices learners make, due to the limited offer of education and training providers.
Description
In 2018, the government launched an enquiry with a mission to propose a regionalised model of upper secondary provision (IVET and CVET) to ensure that a variety of programmes are made available to learners. The objective is to better align the supply of IVET to regional labour market needs.
In 2019 the proposal was still under preparation.
In June 2020, the proposals were presented, which included for example the following:
- when planning and organising upper secondary VET, both the need of the labour market and the interest of the learners regarding type of VET and the number of study places should be considered;
- the provision of VET for adults needs to be increased and widened.
Furthermore, the National Agency for Education received a government mission to develop a model to prepare for the operationalisation of the proposals of the enquiry. The government has allocated about EUR 1 million (SEK 10 million) for the mission for 2021.
In 2021, the National Agency for Education developed an operationalisation of the proposal.
In 2022, the National Agency for Education finalised their work on developing an operationalisation of the proposal and presented a final report to the government.
In July 2023, the Swedish Parliament approved the Amendment of the Education Act concerning upper secondary education in both upper secondary school and adult education. Amendments to the Education Act include for example an obligation for public and independent VET providers to consider both the need of the labour market and the interest of the learners when planning and organising upper secondary VET. Moreover, the amendment obliges regions to set goals and priorities for skills provision, as well as conduct assessments of regional competence needs in both the public and private sectors, over both short-term and long-term horizons. It will be applied for the first time in respect of education starting in 2025. The National Agency for Education supported the municipalities, regions and school in the implementation of this new law.
In 2024, the National Agency for Education was implementing the new law and supported the municipalities and regions and school.
Bodies responsible
- Ministry of Education and Research
Target groups
Learners
- Learners in upper secondary, including apprentices
- Young people (15-29 years old)
Entities providing VET
- VET providers (all kinds)
Thematic categories
Governance of VET and lifelong learning
This thematic category looks at existing legal frameworks providing for strategic, operational – including quality assurance – and financing arrangements for VET and lifelong learning (LLL). It examines how VET and LLL-related policies are placed in broad national socioeconomic contexts and coordinate with other strategies and policies, such as economic, social and employment, growth and innovation, recovery and resilience.
This thematic category covers partnerships and collaboration networks of VET stakeholders – especially the social partners – to shape and implement VET in a country, including looking at how their roles and responsibilities for VET at national, regional and local levels are shared and distributed, ensuring an appropriate degree of autonomy for VET providers to adapt their offer.
The thematic category also includes efforts to create national, regional and sectoral skills intelligence systems (skills anticipation and graduate tracking) and using skills intelligence for making decisions about VET and LLL on quality, inclusiveness and flexibility.
High-quality and timely skills intelligence is a powerful policy tool, helping improve economic competitiveness and fostering social progress and equality through the provision of targeted skills training to all citizens (Cedefop, 2020). Skills intelligence is the outcome of an expert-driven process of identifying, analysing, synthesising and presenting quantitative and/or qualitative skills and labour market information. Skills intelligence draws on data from multiple sources, such as graduate tracking systems, skills anticipation mechanisms, including at sectoral and regional levels. Actions related to establishing and developing such systems fall under this thematic sub-category.
Modernising VET offer and delivery
This thematic category looks at what and how individuals learn, how learning content and learning outcomes in initial and continuing VET are defined, adapted and updated. First and foremost, it examines how VET standards, curricula, programmes and training courses are updated and modernised or new ones created. Updated and renewed VET content ensures that learners acquire a balanced mix of competences that address modern demands, and are more closely aligned with the realities of the labour market, including key competences, digital competences and skills for green transition and sustainability, both sector-specific and across sectors. Using learning outcomes as a basis is important to facilitate this modernisation, including modularisation of VET programmes. Updating and developing teaching and learning materials to support the above is also part of the category.
The thematic category continues to focus on strengthening high-quality and inclusive apprenticeships and work-based learning in real-life work environments and in line with the European framework for quality and effective apprenticeships. It looks at expanding apprenticeship to continuing vocational training and at developing VET programmes at EQF levels 5-8 for better permeability and lifelong learning and to support the need for higher vocational skills.
This thematic category also focuses on VET delivery through a mix of open, digital and participative learning environments, including workplaces conducive to learning, which are flexible, more adaptable to the ways individuals learn, and provide more access and outreach to various groups of learners, diversifying modes of learning and exploiting the potential of digital learning solutions and blended learning to complement face-to-face learning.
Centres of vocational excellence that connect VET to innovation and skill ecosystems and facilitate stronger cooperation with business and research also fall into this category.
VET standards and curricula define the content and outcomes of learning, most often at national or sectoral levels. VET programmes are based on standards and curricula and refer to specific vocations/occupations. They all need to be regularly reviewed, updated and aligned with the needs of the labour market and society. They need to include a balanced mix of vocational and technical skills corresponding to economic cycles, evolving jobs and working methods, and key competences, providing for resilience, lifelong learning, employability, social inclusion, active citizenship, sustainable awareness and personal development (Council of the European Union, 2020). The thematic sub-category also refers to establishing new VET programmes, reducing their number or discontinuing some. It also includes design of CVET programmes and training courses to adapt to labour market, sectoral or individual up- and re-skilling needs.
European priorities in VET
VET Recommendation
- VET agile in adapting to labour market challenges
Subsystem
Further reading
Country
Type of development
Cedefop, & ReferNet. (2025). Regional planning and dimensioning of VET provision: Sweden. In Cedefop, & ReferNet. (2025). Timeline of VET policies in Europe (2024 update) [Online tool].
https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/bg/tools/timeline-vet-policies-europe/search/28538