- 2023Approved/Agreed
- 2024Implementation
Background
Dual VET (DVET) is in the focus of the state policy in the field of vocational education and training (VET) in Bulgaria. There is a sustainable intergovernmental partnership between Bulgaria and Switzerland in this area that has led to many fruitful results at system level.
The report for the review of the DVET system in Bulgaria, prepared by an expert mission of the Swiss Cooperation Office in Bulgaria during the preparation process of the second Swiss contribution programme, states that there is a lack of a strategic vision for the development of DVET, which should direct the policies and the resources in an effective way to achieve the national development goals. The report recommends the formulation of a national vision that places DVET in the context of inter-institutional policies focusing both in labour market skills and the contribution of the educational process to effective employment and a strong economy.
Thus, a strategic vision should ensure the effective use of financial resources for the development of the DVET by formulating data and evidence-based goals as well as qualitative and quantitative parameters of the system. The vision should envisage a focus on the leading role of companies in DVET, the development and the modernisation of the DVET in the country, as well as better communicative activities for its promotion.
Objectives
The purpose of the Strategic vision for the development of dual VET (DVET) in Bulgaria-2030 (hereinafter Strategic vision for the development of DVET) is to formulate goals, scope and tools for the public policies in the country, for achieving a successful national model of DVET. The vision aims to contribute achieving the following goals:
- DVET should be the leading VET pathway at upper secondary education level by 2030;
- DVET should be comprehensively and sustainably integrated into the education system;
- DVET should be driven by companies (which should actively participate in its provision);
- DVET should be quality assured and responsive to labour market needs;
- DVET should be harmonised with the inter-ministerial policies to achieve quality employment and strong economy in all regions and for all citizens of Bulgaria.
- young DVET graduates should be equipped with the necessary skillset (digital and green skills, key competences and transversal skills) to meet current and future work-related demands;
- DVET should be expanded to adult learners (including for partial qualifications and for micro-credentials) and higher education.
Description
The Strategic vision for the development of dual VET (DVET) in Bulgaria-2030 (hereinafter Strategic vision for the development of DVET) was drafted by an expert team, with the financial support of the Fund for the preparation of support measures under the Swiss-Bulgarian cooperation programme. It outlines the general framework for the development of dual VET until 2030, and corresponds to the main strategic documents for the development of education, training and learning in the country, namely:
- the National recovery and resilience plan (NRRP) of the Republic of Bulgaria;
- The Strategic framework for the development of education, training and learning in the Republic of Bulgaria (2021-30)
- the National strategy for small and medium-sized enterprises (2021-27);
- the evaluation of the current state of DVET in Bulgaria and the recommendations for the development of the DOMINO II project under the Swiss-Bulgarian cooperation programme
This strategic document aims to address the following issues:
- to establish a model of DVET which could contribute most effectively to Bulgaria's development goals of in economic, social and educational aspect;
- to showcase the characteristics, opportunities and possible limitations for establishing an effective DVET system;
- to assure that the national model of DVET is efficient and its qualitative and quantitative goals are achieved;
- to clarify the positioning of DVET stakeholders - relationships, roles...
The Strategic vision for the development of dual VET (DVET) in Bulgaria-2030 (hereinafter Strategic vision for the development of DVET) was drafted by an expert team, with the financial support of the Fund for the preparation of support measures under the Swiss-Bulgarian cooperation programme. It outlines the general framework for the development of dual VET until 2030, and corresponds to the main strategic documents for the development of education, training and learning in the country, namely:
- the National recovery and resilience plan (NRRP) of the Republic of Bulgaria;
- The Strategic framework for the development of education, training and learning in the Republic of Bulgaria (2021-30)
- the National strategy for small and medium-sized enterprises (2021-27);
- the evaluation of the current state of DVET in Bulgaria and the recommendations for the development of the DOMINO II project under the Swiss-Bulgarian cooperation programme
This strategic document aims to address the following issues:
- to establish a model of DVET which could contribute most effectively to Bulgaria's development goals of in economic, social and educational aspect;
- to showcase the characteristics, opportunities and possible limitations for establishing an effective DVET system;
- to assure that the national model of DVET is efficient and its qualitative and quantitative goals are achieved;
- to clarify the positioning of DVET stakeholders - relationships, roles and responsibilities, motivation and opportunities, interests and influence.
The document includes the following four strategic goals for further developing the DVET system:
- strategic goal one: full integration of DVET into the education system;
- strategic goal two: transforming companies into a driving force for DVET;
- strategic goal three: expanding the social and regional scope of DVET;
- strategic goal four: institutional strengthening and expanding partnerships with stakeholders.
The strategic vision also points towards potential funding programmes/tools and measures to achieve its goals but the final decisions will be made by the education ministry. Such examples are:
- the European Social Fund(ESF) operational programme Education 2021-27;
- the second Swiss contribution to Bulgaria (with planned support for DVET);
- the Strategy for small and medium-sized Enterprises 2021-27 (with its action plan) foreseeing possible incentives for companies through bonus points, the creation of an information database, etc.
The strategic vision finally reflects a draft concept for the development of DVET which was developed by the economy ministry and brought to the attention of the education minister which includes measures to promote DVET among companies in Bulgaria.
The content of the Strategic vision for the development of dual VET (DVET) in Bulgaria -2030 (hereinafter Strategic vision for the development of DVET) was initially agreed by a wide range of stakeholders, including the Ministry of Economy and Industry, the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy, Regional Management Units of Education, educational institutions, national and regional employers' organisations, trade unions, chambers of commerce and non-governmental organisations (NGOs).
The strategic vision was then formally approved by the Consultative council for VET under the auspice of the education minister on 12 September 2023.
Based on the priorities for the improvement of the legislation set forth by the Strategic vision for the development of DVET and more precisely of the need to 'improve' Ordinance No 1 of 8 September 2015 on the terms and conditions for conducting work-based learning (dual system),following an extended public consultation on the necessary amendments a new Ordinance was issued in 2024 by the education minister on the amendments and supplements to Ordinance No 1, with the following highlights:
- stipulations improving students' career guidance and their readiness to work in a real work environment through prior familiarisation with the company's activities;
- emphasis on the possibility of conducting production practice (before the beginning of work-based learning) in cooperation with partner employers in a real work environment;
- flexible schedule in view of the specifics of the production process or the seasonal nature of some business related activities;
- clarity regarding the conduct of practical training in a real work environment for students in grade XI who are under 16 at the beginning of their work-based learning.
These amendments contributed to the vision's first and fourth strategic goals.
Bodies responsible
- Ministry of Education and Science
Target groups
Learners
- Learners in upper secondary, including apprentices
- Learners with migrant background, including refugees
- Learners at risk of early leaving or/and early leavers
- Adult learners
- Learners from other groups at risk of exclusion (minorities, people with fewer opportunities due to geographical location or social-economic disadvantaged position)
Education professionals
- Teachers
- Trainers
- School leaders
Entities providing VET
- Companies
- Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
- VET providers (all kinds)
Other stakeholders
- Social partners (employer organisations and trade unions)
Thematic categories
Governance of VET and lifelong learning
This thematic category looks at existing legal frameworks providing for strategic, operational – including quality assurance – and financing arrangements for VET and lifelong learning (LLL). It examines how VET and LLL-related policies are placed in broad national socioeconomic contexts and coordinate with other strategies and policies, such as economic, social and employment, growth and innovation, recovery and resilience.
This thematic category covers partnerships and collaboration networks of VET stakeholders – especially the social partners – to shape and implement VET in a country, including looking at how their roles and responsibilities for VET at national, regional and local levels are shared and distributed, ensuring an appropriate degree of autonomy for VET providers to adapt their offer.
The thematic category also includes efforts to create national, regional and sectoral skills intelligence systems (skills anticipation and graduate tracking) and using skills intelligence for making decisions about VET and LLL on quality, inclusiveness and flexibility.
This thematic sub-category refers both to formal mechanisms of stakeholder engagement in VET governance and to informal cooperation among stakeholders, which motivate shared responsibility for quality VET. Formal engagement is usually based on legally established institutional procedures that clearly define the role and responsibilities for relevant stakeholders in designing, implementing and improving VET. It also refers to establishing and increasing the degree of autonomy of VET providers for agile and flexible VET provision.
In terms of informal cooperation, the sub-category covers targeted actions by different stakeholders to promote or implement VET. This cooperation often leads to creating sustainable partnerships and making commitments for targeted actions, in line with the national context and regulation, e.g. national alliances for apprenticeships, pacts for youth or partnerships between schools and employers. It can also include initiatives and projects run by the social partners or sectoral organisations or networks of voluntary experts and executives, retired or on sabbatical, to support their peers in the fields of VET and apprenticeships, as part of the EAfA.
Modernising VET offer and delivery
This thematic category looks at what and how individuals learn, how learning content and learning outcomes in initial and continuing VET are defined, adapted and updated. First and foremost, it examines how VET standards, curricula, programmes and training courses are updated and modernised or new ones created. Updated and renewed VET content ensures that learners acquire a balanced mix of competences that address modern demands, and are more closely aligned with the realities of the labour market, including key competences, digital competences and skills for green transition and sustainability, both sector-specific and across sectors. Using learning outcomes as a basis is important to facilitate this modernisation, including modularisation of VET programmes. Updating and developing teaching and learning materials to support the above is also part of the category.
The thematic category continues to focus on strengthening high-quality and inclusive apprenticeships and work-based learning in real-life work environments and in line with the European framework for quality and effective apprenticeships. It looks at expanding apprenticeship to continuing vocational training and at developing VET programmes at EQF levels 5-8 for better permeability and lifelong learning and to support the need for higher vocational skills.
This thematic category also focuses on VET delivery through a mix of open, digital and participative learning environments, including workplaces conducive to learning, which are flexible, more adaptable to the ways individuals learn, and provide more access and outreach to various groups of learners, diversifying modes of learning and exploiting the potential of digital learning solutions and blended learning to complement face-to-face learning.
Centres of vocational excellence that connect VET to innovation and skill ecosystems and facilitate stronger cooperation with business and research also fall into this category.
This thematic sub-category covers all developments related to work-based learning (WBL) elements in VET programmes and apprenticeships which continue to be important in the policy agenda. It includes measures to stabilise the offer of apprenticeships, the implementation of the European framework for quality and effective apprenticeships, and using the EU on-demand support services and policy learning initiatives among the Member States. It also covers further expansion of apprenticeships and WBL to continuing VET (CVET), for transition to work and inclusion of vulnerable groups, and for improving citizens’ qualification levels.
European priorities in VET
VET Recommendation
- VET agile in adapting to labour market challenges
Subsystem
Further reading
Country
Type of development
Cedefop, & ReferNet. (2025). Strategic vision for the development of dual VET (DVET)-2030: Bulgaria. In Cedefop, & ReferNet. (2025). Timeline of VET policies in Europe (2024 update) [Online tool].
https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/tools/timeline-vet-policies-europe/search/48669