- 2015Approved/Agreed
- 2016Implementation
- 2017Implementation
- 2018Implementation
- 2019Implementation
- 2020Implementation
- 2021Implementation
- 2022Implementation
- 2023Implementation
- 2024Implementation
Description
The 2015 VET reform has changed how key competences are promoted in VET. It set up two basic programmes of 20 weeks each: basic programme 1 (grundforløb 1 - GF1), and basic programme 2 (grundforløb 2 - GF2). Both programmes focus on key competences, but in different ways. GF1 is mainly designed to provide a basic introduction to vocational study, including workplace culture, processes and methods, society and health, Danish and various elective subjects. It is only meant for students entering VET directly from compulsory schooling. GF2 is organised as a specific training course, depending on which educational direction the student has chosen to pursue. It contains basic subjects and elective subjects. The basic subjects, which include key competences, have played a more significant role since the reform. As part of the reform, the strategy for improving key competences in VET (2015) supports learners in achieving the highest possible level. Measures included:
- admission requirements to VET from compulsory schooling have been raised for Danish and maths;
- VET learners are now offered higher levels of communication and ICT skills;
- following a pilot, EUX (a combined vocational and general upper secondary programme) is now fully operational;
- the Danish Evaluation Institute has piloted the strategy at the digital VET college and published the results online, which has inspired VET colleges to address the strategic priorities of:...
The 2015 VET reform has changed how key competences are promoted in VET. It set up two basic programmes of 20 weeks each: basic programme 1 (grundforløb 1 - GF1), and basic programme 2 (grundforløb 2 - GF2). Both programmes focus on key competences, but in different ways. GF1 is mainly designed to provide a basic introduction to vocational study, including workplace culture, processes and methods, society and health, Danish and various elective subjects. It is only meant for students entering VET directly from compulsory schooling. GF2 is organised as a specific training course, depending on which educational direction the student has chosen to pursue. It contains basic subjects and elective subjects. The basic subjects, which include key competences, have played a more significant role since the reform. As part of the reform, the strategy for improving key competences in VET (2015) supports learners in achieving the highest possible level. Measures included:
- admission requirements to VET from compulsory schooling have been raised for Danish and maths;
- VET learners are now offered higher levels of communication and ICT skills;
- following a pilot, EUX (a combined vocational and general upper secondary programme) is now fully operational;
- the Danish Evaluation Institute has piloted the strategy at the digital VET college and published the results online, which has inspired VET colleges to address the strategic priorities of: managing and setting up a common pedagogical-didactical foundation; knowledge sharing; a new way of designing teaching; stronger interplay between learning in VET colleges and learning in enterprises;
- teachers' vocational and pedagogical competences are being strengthened to raise attainment levels in key competences.
This initiative was in implementation phase. There were no significant changes compared to 2018.
The initiative was still in implementation phase, with no significant changes in 2020.
The initiative was operational and ran as regular practice.
The initiative was operational and ran as regular practice.
The initiative was operational and ran as regular practice.
The initiative was operational and ran as regular practice.
Bodies responsible
- Ministry of Children and Education
Target groups
Learners
- Learners in upper secondary, including apprentices
- Young people (15-29 years old)
Entities providing VET
- Companies
- Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
- VET providers (all kinds)
Thematic categories
Modernising VET offer and delivery
This thematic category looks at what and how individuals learn, how learning content and learning outcomes in initial and continuing VET are defined, adapted and updated. First and foremost, it examines how VET standards, curricula, programmes and training courses are updated and modernised or new ones created. Updated and renewed VET content ensures that learners acquire a balanced mix of competences that address modern demands, and are more closely aligned with the realities of the labour market, including key competences, digital competences and skills for green transition and sustainability, both sector-specific and across sectors. Using learning outcomes as a basis is important to facilitate this modernisation, including modularisation of VET programmes. Updating and developing teaching and learning materials to support the above is also part of the category.
The thematic category continues to focus on strengthening high-quality and inclusive apprenticeships and work-based learning in real-life work environments and in line with the European framework for quality and effective apprenticeships. It looks at expanding apprenticeship to continuing vocational training and at developing VET programmes at EQF levels 5-8 for better permeability and lifelong learning and to support the need for higher vocational skills.
This thematic category also focuses on VET delivery through a mix of open, digital and participative learning environments, including workplaces conducive to learning, which are flexible, more adaptable to the ways individuals learn, and provide more access and outreach to various groups of learners, diversifying modes of learning and exploiting the potential of digital learning solutions and blended learning to complement face-to-face learning.
Centres of vocational excellence that connect VET to innovation and skill ecosystems and facilitate stronger cooperation with business and research also fall into this category.
VET standards and curricula define the content and outcomes of learning, most often at national or sectoral levels. VET programmes are based on standards and curricula and refer to specific vocations/occupations. They all need to be regularly reviewed, updated and aligned with the needs of the labour market and society. They need to include a balanced mix of vocational and technical skills corresponding to economic cycles, evolving jobs and working methods, and key competences, providing for resilience, lifelong learning, employability, social inclusion, active citizenship, sustainable awareness and personal development (Council of the European Union, 2020). The thematic sub-category also refers to establishing new VET programmes, reducing their number or discontinuing some. It also includes design of CVET programmes and training courses to adapt to labour market, sectoral or individual up- and re-skilling needs.
This thematic sub-category refers to acquisition of key competences and basic skills for all, from an early age and throughout their life, including those acquired as part of qualifications and curricula. Key competences include knowledge, skills and attitudes needed by all for personal fulfilment and development, employability and lifelong learning, social inclusion, active citizenship and sustainable awareness. Key competences include literacy; multilingual; science, technology, engineering and mathematical (STEM); digital; personal, social and learning to learn; active citizenship, entrepreneurship, cultural awareness and expression (Council of the European Union, 2018).
Teachers, trainers and school leaders competences
Competent and motivated VET teachers in schools and trainers in companies are crucial to VET becoming innovative and relevant, agile, resilient, flexible, inclusive and lifelong.
This thematic category comprises policies and practices of initial training and continuing professional development approaches in a systemic and systematic manner. It also looks at measures aiming to update (entry) requirements and make teaching and training careers attractive and bring more young and talented individuals and business professionals into teaching and training. Supporting VET educators by equipping them with adequate competences, skills and tools for the green transition and digital teaching and learning are addressed in separate thematic sub-categories.
The measures in this category target teachers and school leaders, company trainers and mentors, adult educators and guidance practitioners.
This thematic sub-category refers to all kinds of initial and continuing professional development (CPD) for VET educators who work in vocational schools and in companies providing VET. VET educators include teachers and school leaders, trainers and company managers involved in VET, as well as adult educators and guidance practitioners – those who work in school- and work-based settings. The thematic sub-category includes national strategies, training programmes or individual courses to address the learning needs of VET educators and to develop their vocational (technical) skills, and pedagogical (teaching) skills and competences. Such programmes concern state-of-the-art vocational pedagogy, innovative teaching methods, and competences needed to address evolving teaching environments, e.g. teaching in multicultural settings, working with learners at risk of early leaving, etc.
Subsystem
Further reading
Country
Type of development
Cedefop, & ReferNet. (2025). Promoting key competences in VET: Denmark. In Cedefop, & ReferNet. (2025). Timeline of VET policies in Europe (2024 update) [Online tool].
https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/tools/timeline-vet-policies-europe/search/28835