The indicator provides current and future estimates of the number of individuals employed in each sector and occupation who are either under-skilled or over-skilled. "Underskilled" refers to individuals who reported significant or moderate need to further develop their overall knowledge and skills for their job, as indicated in the ESJS2 survey, while "overskilled" refers to those who report little or no need to use their current knowledge and skills in their main job. The indicator provides insights into upskilling needs, skill underuse, and their projected trends through to 2035.

The calculations are based on the Cedefop European Skills and Jobs Survey (ESJS2) in combination with the Skills Forecast employment projections.