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Skills anticipation in the Netherlands (2023 Update)
Summary
Overview of the Dutch approach
The Netherlands has a long-held tradition of using detailed economic analysis in policy making. In line with this, the country has conducted systematic skills anticipation exercises in some form or other for more than 60 years. Currently it undertakes:
- skills assessments, reviewing past trends at national and sectoral levels and assessing how various drivers of change will affect future skills demand;
- skill forecasts, combined with other data to provide input into skills assessments;
- skills foresight analysis, undertaken on an ad hoc basis to review particular aspects of future skill demand;
- surveys of school leavers, which among other things, aim at measuring the relevance of current educational qualifications to the needs of the labour market; and
- analysis of web vacancies, which is a basis for classifying vacancies and the development thereof, including characteristics in terms of required skills and sectors of the economy.
The general tendency in the Netherlands has been towards a decentralised system where national skills assessments are augmented by independently conducted sectoral analysis. The results of skills anticipation exercises are used extensively by policymakers as well as relevant stakeholders. The information is especially influential in shaping educational policy, where many programmes and curricula are modified or created with the intent of satisfying the future needs of the labour market. Moreover, stakeholders and social partners play an active part in developing these policies and programmes. At a local level, authorities regularly work with businesses and other stakeholders to formulate policies that respond to projected trends and developments within the labour market.
Description
Statistics Netherlands (CBS) provides data on the labour market – for example on unfilled vacancies and unemployed labour force – but also publishes its own reports and analyses of historical data. The Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis (Centraal Planbureau, CPB) periodically publishes short and medium term economic forecasts, which include information on the labour market (employment, labour supply, and unemployment)[i] as well as detailed reports on topics related to skills and skills mismatch.
The Research Centre for Education and the Labour Market (Researchcentrum voor onderwijs en arbeidsmarkt, ROA), a research institute at Maastricht University, conducts and publishes bi-annual general labour market forecasts. This six-year outlook is prepared under the Project Education and Labour Market (Project Onderwijs en Arbeidsmarkt, POA), which is funded by several national ministries, public sector organisations, and a private human resource consulting firm. In addition, ROA conducts regular surveys to monitor school leavers and analyses their first steps into the labour market.
Research institutes Panteia, Etil and IT company Textkernel collaborate in developing labour market forecasts based on the economic forecasts model Prisma, a sectoral diversification of the CPB economic forecasts, UWV datasets, CBS datasets, and Jobfeed. The work is mainly financed by public sector organisations.
The Dutch Employee Insurance Agency (Uitvoeringsinstituut Werknemersverzekeringen, UWV) studies labour trends and conducts analyses using data from Statistics Netherlands (Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, CBS), their own datasets collected from individuals seeking unemployment benefits, as well as labour market forecasts developed by a variety of research and market research institutes. This includes but is not limited to the two projects mentioned above. UWV publishes a short-term two-year labour market forecast at sectoral, regional, and national levels to facilitate transparency and enable a better match between employers and job seekers.[ii]
The Cooperative for Vocational Education, Training and the Labour Market (Samenwerkingsorganisatie Beroepsonderwijs Bedrijfsleven, SBB), the Dutch VET expertise centre, collects information on demand for, and supply of, skills in labour markets for senior secondary vocational education. Every year SBB publishes labour market forecasts for the years following students’ graduation (for example, in the school year 2022/2023, a forecast runs concerning the years after the graduation of students starting in the school year 2023/2024; so, the forecast concerns 2027 and onwards). This is done for most of the 450 VET courses provided by the Regional Education Centres (ROCs).
In the Netherlands, there is also a tradition of forecasting within specific sectors. These forecasts are usually short-term but still provide a detailed view of sectoral trends and developments. Many sectoral level organisations also publish facts and figures for the benefit of their members as well as others.
Finally, higher education institutes are obliged to prove the need of establishing new studies prior to receiving financing by the OCW. This requires data at a relevant (geographical) level, mainly based on information collected from employers (for example, they are asked their view on the future demand for the competences that would be the output of the new field/line of study).
Aims
Skills anticipation in the Netherlands seeks to provide labour market stakeholders with information on possible skills mismatches so that the market can proactively establish policies to avoid them. In addition, skills anticipation aims to answer more specific questions, such as how to attract personnel into various occupations or whether any occupations may become redundant within certain sectors or industries.
The overall approach to, and activities of, skills anticipation are also intended to inform policymakers within the education system, so that they design programmes and qualifications that are as relevant as possible to the needs of the Dutch labour market. The information generated by skills anticipation exercises is therefore to be used on a regular basis to review curricula and decide if new types of training or educational programmes should be offered.
Legal framework
No information is available on the regulatory framework underpinning skills anticipation in the Netherlands. The SBB has a legal mandate to provide information to intermediate vocational education institutions and to businesses about the labour market, professional development, and the effectiveness of the education system’s output.
Since 2013, the Sustainable Public Finances Act (Wet Houdbare Overheidsfinanciën) prescribes CPB forecasts as the official basis for the central government’s annual fiscal budget.[iii]
Governance
The following ministries are responsible for skills anticipation:
- The Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap, OCW)
- The Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment (Ministerie van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid, SZW)
- The Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations (Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties, BZK)
- The Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy (Ministerie van Economische Zaken en Klimaat, EZK)
- The Ministry of Healthcare, Welfare and Sports (Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS)
The OCW takes a leading role, although the SZW is also active. Together the two ministries are also responsible for ensuring there is a match between the education provided in the country and the qualifications needed in the labour market. The SBB is financed by the OCW and governed by VET institutes, employer organisations, and trades unions. It advises the ministers in the OCW and EZK about the match between the vocational education and training (VET) system in the Netherlands and the labour market. The UWV is subordinate to the SZW.
The CPB is subordinate to the EZK, but the CPB is nonetheless independent, being completely autonomous in its choice of projects. The role of the ministry regarding the institution is appointing the director and providing its budget.
The role of stakeholders
The main stakeholders are employers, trade associations, and education and training institutions. To some extent, all these stakeholders contribute to the outputs of the system by providing feedback and, in some cases, additional data. Many sectors produce their own skills assessment, most of which are usually commissioned by stakeholders within them. These analyses are used by the national ones offering more detailed insights in each individual sector.
At the national level, stakeholders are usually involved in policy making in some way, for example by being consulted on new laws or regulations. In addition, the SBB also hosts sector-specific knowledge centres (Kenniscentra), which provide input and commentary on new laws and regulations. There are also various other projects or workshops that involve stakeholders conducted on an ad hoc basis.[iv] One example, is the Techniekpact (Technology Pact) project, which is an ongoing collaboration between three ministries (OCW, SZW, and EZK) and a large number of regional and sectoral stakeholders. The project supports and increases education within the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields in response to projections of a large shortages in these areas over the coming decade. In June 2018, all partners of the Technology Pact identified four urgent themes on which a collective effort is needed to achieve accelerated results: (i) increasing the use of technology in education and economy; (ii) greater involvement of business in technical education; (iii) promoting lifelong development in technology; and (iv) reduce teacher shortages in technology, including through “hybrid teachers” (an emerging category of multidisciplinary teachers).
At the regional level, the most important contacts are between the several VET institutes (which are board members of the SBB), and various local businesses or establishments. These institutions and businesses work closely together, both in designing solutions to cope with foreseeable skills mismatches as well as in developing new policy responses.
In Dutch politics, there is a long-held tradition of trying to reach a consensus between all related parties and stakeholders. As such, the relevant stakeholders are usually included in some form in the creation of policies that affect them. In addition, the Netherlands also has a long tradition of producing sectoral skills projections. These exercises are usually conducted or commissioned by stakeholders within each sector, either by individual organisations or consortia of the most relevant players within the industry. Such sectoral analyses serve to augment the more general assessments of the UWV, the SBB, the CBS and the CPB and supporting research institutes such as ROA, ABF, EIB, and Panteia/Etil, by offering a more detailed look at these specific sectors. Additionally, the presence of sectoral projections greatly increases the dissemination of information since the entities that undertake these studies usually have very close ties to the labour market within each sector.
Target groups
Young people, jobseekers, employers, educational institutes, and policy makers are the main target groups who benefit from skills anticipation. Young people and (employed and unemployed) jobseekers can use labour market information to base their educational choices. The general labour market prognoses published by the UWV, the SBB and the ROA explicitly aim to inform these groups about labour market prospects in their studies or career choices, and education institutions about the relevance of their programmes to the labour market. It is also intended for employers, who can use the data to proactively respond to any possible trends or mismatches in the market. Furthermore, different groups of policymakers can also benefit from additional information about the labour market when making decisions on which education or training programmes to establish, abolish or amend.
Funding and resources
The UWV is financed by the SZW and the SBB by the OCW. Both the CBS and the CPB are funded by EZK.
As for other work mentioned above, for the UWV, the SBB, and sector specific exercises, they are usually tendered regularly by the governmental or stakeholders within each sector to various research institutes, market research organisations, IT specialists, etc.
Methods and tools
There are various tools used in undertaking skills anticipation in the Netherlands.
Skills assessment
The OCW (ROA) the UWV, the SBB and various sectoral organisations produce regular forecasts of skill demand by using occupation and qualification as proxy measures of skill. These are integrated with other data to provide a well-rounded assessment of labour market developments. They have been classified as skills assessments, given their broader methodological approach, rather than solely as a forecast.
The public employment service, UWV, is currently analysing future skills needs with an up to 5-year horizon. It uses descriptive statistics/stock taking, quantitative forecasting, skills, and jobs surveys (questionnaire surveys), graduate tracer studies, foresight (using experts’ workshops/meetings/panels), analysis of registered data from CVs database of formerly unemployed people and big data (use of web scraping/web crawling to access and gather data) to assess and anticipate skill needs. UWV reports on skills demand and supply on a quarterly and annual basis[v]. Many other organisations at national and sectoral levels organise employer surveys and qualitative studies in this context. For example, in 2019, ROA conducted a survey of more than 1,100 employers in the Netherlands. It included a stated preferences experiment in which employers were repeatedly asked to choose between two hypothetical job applicants for a hypothetical vacancy in the most common entry-level job. The two job applicants were said to be identical except for several characteristics that varied randomly within and across the choices. This method allows for causal interpretations about which competencies influence the probability that employers will offer graduates a job, which competencies are most important and which trade-offs employers make between different competencies[vi].
The demand analysis done by Panteia and Etil for the SBB is based on CBS-statistics and the web vacancies in the Jobfeed database (which contains all web vacancies in the Netherlands, as collected by Textkernel, classified, and deduplicated). Online vacancies are collected via web scraping[vii]. This is done systematically first to new advertisements (positions) on websites. These can be company websites, but also job boards (vacancy banks). Companies are classified according to the Standard Company Classification (SBI) and the occupations according to the International Standard Classification of Occupation (ISCO) and the Dutch translation (BRC). SBB is translating the Jobfeed information into information on the several courses (centraal register beroepsopleidingen (crebo- Crebo') in Dutch VET.
In addition to its skills assessment activities, the ROA also conducts surveys amongst school leavers, both those leaving with and without qualifications. For example, since 1990 the ROA has conducted the HBO-Monitor, commissioned by the Council for higher vocational education institutions (HBO Raad).[viii] These surveys facilitate an assessment of how recent graduates of the education system progress in the job market, whether they find jobs, and whether these jobs are in line with their qualifications. The surveys are standardised, which ensures comparability between years and allows the results to be used in policy making. They are used as a tool to track to what extent qualifications match the needs of the labour market.
CBS periodically produces in-depth articles on current developments in the labour market. It also publishes a series of regular reports entitled Dynamics of the Dutch Labour Market (Dynamiek op de Nederlandse arbeidsmarkt), which provide a snapshot of the current state of the market.[ix]
Skills forecasts
The UWV studies labour market trends using both the statistics produced by CBS as well as data it collects by itself. It produces a projection for the coming year, which is published annually in the Labour Market Forecast (Arbeidsmarktprognose) series of publications.[x] These projections concern the overall labour market as well as individual sectors. They are based on models which consider several factors, such as the demographic projections from the CBS, the macroeconomic projections published by the CPB, migration trends, and possible productivity changes. Recently, there has also been more of an emphasis on regional projections. The UWV also hosts a website where most of its labour market information can be found.
In addition, there are also several smaller projects and exercises, most of which are limited to specific sectors or occupations. These are usually conducted by relevant stakeholders within the sector, such as trade unions or employers’ confederations.
Below, two examples of skill forecasts developed by research institutes in collaboration with other organisations are presented in some more detail.
ROA started, the Project Onderwijs-Arbeidsmarkt (POA) in 1986, and it aimed to analyse trends and developments in the Dutch labour market. The main objective of the skills forecasting activities was to produce an independent, scientifically robust, econometric forecast model that would allow stakeholders (employers, employees, sector associations, and education institutions) to anticipate trends in skills supply and demand and their potential mismatch. Today, the POA produces a general labour market forecast every second year, which makes projections over six years into the future. It differentiates between 35 labour market regions, 21 economic sectors, 114 occupations, and 97 types of qualifications. The forecasts are made using a variety of econometric models as well as data on demographics and labour markets obtained from the CBS and the CPB. The main outputs of these assessments are early warning indicators of possible imbalances between supply and demand in the labour market. These indicators, as well as other information produced by the exercises, are fed into the Labour Market Information System (Arbeidsmarktinformatiesysteem, AIS) online database. The Research Centre for Education and the Labour Market (ROA) is part of the School of Business and Economics of the University of Maastricht. Therefore, there is no legal mandate for AIS; nonetheless, ROA does cooperate closely with different ministries and the Dutch PES on multiple AIS based projects.
The detailed information in this labour market information system is freely accessible for the funders of the POA and is delivered to stakeholders. The project produces reports on specific topics, technical reports (for example on the methods used for the forecasts), and a biannual report on the labour market forecasts. The biannual reports are part of a series called Labour Market by Education and Occupation to [year] (De arbeidsmarkt naar opleiding en beroep tot [jaar]).[xi]
Since the 2015-2016 school year, research agencies Panteia and Etil annually determine the perspective of getting a job in their study for VET students, called ‘Chance of work’, commissioned by the SBB. To determine the labour market perspective, the demand for and the supply of personnel are compared based on a forecast of the situation over several years.
To determine supply and demand, the base year's data is used to calculate the number of vacancies expected for recent graduates, based on their education (level, type, field of study) and profession. Jobfeed is used to register all relevant online vacancies and create a job classification with over 5,000 job titles. Panteia collaborates with UWV and the CBS to create weighting factors every quarter, including unreported vacancies. SBB determines which job titles belong to each degree programme to accordingly classify the vacancies. The total supply includes job seekers, job changers, and newcomers (based on the expected development of each education programme). Demand is determined based on macroeconomic developments, the number of vacancies per sector, and a survey among relevant employers. A separate vacancy model linked to PRISMA is used to determine the expected development of the number of vacancies per sector. The model uses labour demand forecasts to determine the vacancy rate and to forecast the total demand for labour per sector. Finally, the demand for labour per sector is the basis for a forecast of the total demand for labour for specific professions and types of VET-education by region.
The prognosis of the labour supply is based on the expected number of graduates entering and the employed labour force. Reference projections of the ministry of OCW are used to develop these figures.
The labour market perspective then results from comparing the demand forecast with the supply forecast. For a specific programme, this comparison depends mainly on the type of track (level of on-the-job training) and the absolute size of demand and supply; for low numbers an alternative approach is used. The results of the comparison are converted into a five-point scale. The scale concerns, in essence, five possible outcomes that have been drawn from the point of view of a school-leaver: if the labour market perspective is good, the perspective for graduates is also positive.
The methodology was evaluated in 2019, with the results being available on the SBB website. In addition, in the spring of 2022, a study assessed the reliability and accuracy of the published figures on the future demand for MBO graduates, the future supply of school-leavers, and the resulting job opportunities. The results of this study will be posted on the SBB website in the spring of 2023.
Skills foresight
Since 1945, the CPB has conducted research and issued recommendations on all aspects of the Dutch economy. The agency occasionally directs its attention to specific issues regarding skills mismatch and anticipation.[xii]
The Social Economic Council (Sociaal-Economische Raad, SER), one of the main advisory bodies of the parliament and the government on socio-economic policy, has produced a number of prospective studies focusing on the labour market and the future of education. In 2015, for instance, the SER committee responsible for labour market and education issues investigated the future of learning in a changing labour market. Furthermore, the SER initiated Platform 2032, which facilitated a national dialogue and analytical exploration of the future of education in the Netherlands.[xiii] ROA has published several reports on education, skills, and labour market to give a detailed description of the Dutch labour market.
Other skills anticipation practices
Some labour market funds – funds managed by the joint employers' and employees' organisations of specific sectors with social security purposes – and the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport (Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS) cooperate in the research programme Labour Market Care and Welfare (Arbeidsmarkt Zorg en Welzijn, AZW). The objective of the programme is to provide parties in the healthcare and welfare sectors with reliable information about the labour market: this takes the form of a database – on employment opportunities, vacancies, labour mobility, etc. – and various publications. ABF (several sectors) and the EIB (construction) also develop labour market forecasts.
Dissemination and use
Use of skills anticipation in policy
SZW and OCW actively make use of the information generated by the various skills anticipation exercises in place. The two ministries discuss the relevant skills anticipation outputs. Thus, the results usually play a large role in defining national policy, especially for educational policies.[xiv] Through the SBB the UWV website and publications, information is provided to a range of research institutions for academic studies and analyses. The information generated by the exercises is used by regional governments in formulating local policies, by sectoral organisations, and by educational institutes.
UWV uses skills intelligence in executive summaries of findings, general reports presenting key findings, in detailed analyses comprising all research questions/problems, specific analyses and evaluations focused on separate problems/target groups of clients, and datasets for open access/use for externals. Internally, skills guidance informs UWV handbooks/guidebooks/toolkits for staff and guidance/information offered to external stakeholders (e.g., VET providers, other educational institutions). UWV staff, including career guidance counsellors have access to skills intelligence findings through internal conferences/seminars and internal training/peer-learning sessions. Upskilling and reskilling programmes addressing future skills requirements are also informed by skills intelligence[xv].
Target groups’ uses of skills anticipation outputs
Employers’ associations, trade unions, and other sectoral organisations review the information generated by the skills anticipation exercises and disseminate them amongst their members. In this way, employers and employees can react to foreseeable changes within labour markets and hopefully reduce the negative impacts of any future skills mismatch.
Students and those looking to further their careers also make use of the information. Publications and website information produced by the UWV, the ROA and the SBB. Amongst other materials, the POA are used by publications that help students in their study or career choice. These study guides (MBO, HBO and WO Keuzegidsen, and Studiekeuze123) are important sources of independent information about career prospects available to future students.[xvi] The information in the AIS is mainly used by organisations, such as CDHO and CMMBO. The Higher Education Efficiency Committee (CDHO) provides solicited and unsolicited advice to the Minister of Education, Culture and Science on the efficiency of the government-funded higher education offer. The secondary VET Macro-Efficiency Committee (CMMBO) investigates and advises on macro-efficiency, proposed mergers and small, unique programs in government-funded secondary vocational education.
The data is also used by individual unemployed persons, unemployed placement offices, and career counsellors when guiding individuals into job roles or education programmes. Many educational institutions also use the results to monitor the effectiveness of their curriculum and amend programmes or offer new ones to reflect the projections. At regional levels, publications called Labour market Insights (ArbeidsmarktInZicht) also use available data to provide regional forecasts.
Please cite this document as: Cedefop. (2023). Skills anticipation in the Netherlands. Skills intelligence: data insights. URL [accessed DATE] |
Bibliography
- Aarts B., and Künn-Nelen A./ROA. (2019). Employability: the employers’ perspective.
- ABF, Arbeidsmarkt Techniek in cijfers, 2020.
- AZW
- Bakens, J., Bijlsma, I., Cörvers, F., Dijksman, S., Fouarge, D., & Poulissen, D. (2018). Methodiek arbeidsmarktprognoses en -indicatoren 2017-2022. ROA. ROA Technical Reports No. 004.
- Bakens, J., Bijlsma, I., Dijksman, S., Fouarge, D., & Goedhart, R. (2021). De arbeidsmarkt naar opleiding en beroep tot 2026. ROA. ROA Reports No. 005.
- Borghans, L., Golsteyn, B. H. H., & Stenberg A. (2013). Does Expert Advice Improve Educational Choice? IZA Discussion Paper (7649), 1–65.
- CBS. Spanning op de arbeidsmarkt.
- Cedefop. (2016) Vocational education and training in the Netherlands: short description. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Cedefop information series.
- Cedefop. (2020). Developments in vocational education and training policy in 2015-19: the Netherlands. Cedefop monitoring and analysis of VET policies.
- Cedefop. (2020). Skills forecast 2020: Netherlands. Cedefop skills forecast.
- Cooperative for Vocational Education, Training and the Labour Market
- CPB Economische beleidsanalyse
- __ n.d.a. Arbeidsmarkt.
- __ n.d.b. Wat doet het CPB?
- __ n.d.c. CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis
- EEPO. (2015). Country fiches on skills governance in the Member States – The Netherlands. developed by the European Employment Policy Observatory for the European Commission. Brussels: European Commission.
- Erken, H., van Loon, E., & Verbeek, W. (2015). Mismatch on the Dutch labour market in the Great Recession. CPB Discussion Paper 303. ISBN 978-90-5833-680-4.
- European Commission/ Cedefop/ ICF International/. (2014) European Inventory on Validation of Non-Formal and Informal Learning 2014: Country Report Netherlands. Brussels: European Commission.
- European Commission. (2022). Future skills, career guidance and lifelong learning in PES. Thematic paper. Brussels. Author: Lukasz Sienkiewicz.
- Fouarge, D. (2015). Project Onderwijs-Arbeidsmarkt: Gebruik van arbeidsmarktinformatie en impact. ROA. ROA Technical Reports No. 004
- Hawley-Woodall, J., Duell, N., Scott, D., Finlay-Walker, L., Arora, L. and Carta, E. (2015). Skills Governance in the EU Member States. Synthesis Report for the EEPO. Brussels: European Commission.
- HBO Monitor
- ILO/Cedefop/OECD/ETF/. (2017). Skill needs anticipation: Systems and approaches. Analysis of stakeholder survey on skill needs assessment and anticipation. ILO
- Kiesmbo.nl
- Labour Market Information System (Arbeidsmarktinformatiesysteem, AIS)
- Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy (EZK)
- Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (OCW)
- Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment (SZW)
- Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations (BZK)
- De Mooij, M. Et al, Online vacatures als bron voor statistiek; Combineren van informatie uit online vacatures met Vacature Enquête, CBS Discussion Paper, (2020).
- Onderwijs 2032
- Panteia, Arbeidsmarkt en Onderwijs Logistiek Kwantitatief. Cijfermatige update 2020
- Panteia, Arbeidsmarkt Non-food retail Eindrapport, 2022
- Panteia, Skills voor de toekomst in de metaal en metalektro, 2020.
- Research Centre for Education and the Labour Market (ROA)
- __ POA – Project Onderwijs-Arbeidsmarkt
- __ (2016). School leaver surveys / Schoolverlatersonderzoeken.
- SBB
- Techniekpact.
- ter Weel, B. & Kok, S. (2013). Tanken en vaardigheden in beeld: De Nederlandse arbeidsmarkt in taken. ISBN 978-90-5833-614-9.
- TNO. (2019). Dynamiek op de Nederlandse arbeidsmarkt: De focus op zekerheid.
- TNO/CBS. (2015). Dynamiek op de Nederlandse arbeidsmarkt: De focus op flexibilisering.
- UWV
- _ n.d. Arbeidsmarktinformatie: Krapte op de arbeidsmarkt
- __ (2021b). Arbeidsmarktinformatie: Regio in Beeld.
- __ (2021c). Arbeidsmarktinformatie: Kansrijke beroepen.
- __ (2022) Arbeidsmarktprognose: UWV Arbeidsmarktprognose 2022-2023
- UWV/Panteia, Mogelijkheden voor arbeidsmarktprognoses voor 2030. Rapport fase 0, 2022
Endnotes
[i] CPB Economische beleidsanalyse n.d.b
[iii] CPB Economische beleidsanalyse. n.d.b
[iv] See for examples https://www.s-bb.nl/en/.
[v] European Commission. (2022).
[vi] Aarts B., and Künn-Nelen A./ROA. (2019).
[vii] De Mooij, M. Et al, Online vacatures als bron voor statistiek; Combineren van informatie uit online vacatures met Vacature Enquête, CBS Discussion Paper, (2020).
[viii] See HBO Monitor website.
[ix] TNO. (2019).
[xi] Bakens, J., Bijlsma, I., Dijksman, S., Fouarge, D., & Goedhart, R. (2021).
[xii] For examples of such reports see: Erken, H., van Loon, E., & Verbeek, W. (2015). and ter Weel, B. & Kok, S. (2013).
[xiii] Onderwijs 2032.
[xiv] Fouarge, D. (2015).
[xv] European Commission. (2022).
Data insights details
Table of contents
Page 1
SummaryPage 2
DescriptionPage 3
Methods and toolsPage 4
Dissemination and usePage 5
BibliographyPage 6
Endnotes